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November 16, 2015

Employees of Suffolk County Community College held ineligible to participate in the County’s Deferred Compensation Plan


Employees of Suffolk County Community College held ineligible to participate in the County’s Deferred Compensation Plan
Suffolk County Assn. of Mun. Empls., Inc. v Levy, 2015 NY Slip Op 08180, Appellate Division, Second Department
Suffolk County Assn. of Mun. Empls., Inc. v Levy, 2015 NY Slip Op 08181, Appellate Division, Second Department

A number of individuals employed by the Suffolk Community College represented by Suffolk County Association of Municipal Employees [SCAME], an employee organization representing employees of Suffolk County including those at the College, had been permitted to participate in the Suffolk County Public Employees Deferred Compensation Plan [County Plan].

The County Planis administered by the Suffolk County Deferred Compensation Board [County Board] and in 2009 the County and the College entered into a Sponsor Service Agreement and a Memorandum of Understanding of Procedures that provided that the College and the County are independent entities and that neither entity's employees are to be deemed employees of the other entity.

The County Board then asked New York State Deferred Compensation Board [State Board] if the College's employees were eligible to continue to participate in the County Plan in view of the terms of the 2009 Memorandum of Understanding deeming them to be employed by an entity other than the County. The State Board determined, primarily based upon the terms of the New Operating Agreement, that the County and the College were separate and distinct employers and, therefore, the College's employees could no longer participate in the County Plan.*

The County Board adopted the State Board's determination and, in a letter dated March 29, 2010, informed the College's employees that they could no longer participate in the County Plan.

SCAMEchallenged the County Board's determination that the County and the College were separate employers and, thus, the College's employees could no longer participate in the County Plan. Supreme Court dismissed SCAME's CPLR Article 78 petition and the employee organization appealed.

The Appellate Division sustained the Supreme Court’s ruling. The Appellate Division explained that “contrary to [SCAME’s] contentions, the challenged determination that the County and the College are separate employers and, therefore, the College's employees could no longer participate in the County Plan, had a rational basis and was not arbitrary and capricious or an abuse of discretion. Accordingly, said the court, the Supreme Court properly denied the petition and dismissed the proceeding.

* The State Board cited §457 of the Internal Revenue Code as the authority for establishing the Suffolk County Public Employees Deferred Compensation Plan. It should be noted, however, that Article 8-C of the Education Law [§§398-399-A], SPECIAL ANNUITY, also referred to as a “tax-deferred annuity plan,” permits an individual employed by “the state university, the board of higher education of the city of New York, or a community college established and operated under article one hundred twenty-six of this chapter to participate in a tax-deferred annuity plan as permitted under §403(b) of the United States Internal Revenue Code” should such an entity “elect to establish by resolution special annuity and custodial account programs which shall provide for the purchase of contracts or establishment of custodial accounts providing retirement and death benefits for or on behalf of employees electing to enter into an agreement with such employer providing for a reduction of annual salary for the purpose of purchasing such contracts or for making contributions to such custodial accounts.”

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

Governor Cuomo announces a minimum wage of $15 an hour for state workers by July 2021


Governor Cuomo announces a minimum wage of $15 an hour for state workers by July 2021
Source: Office of the Governor 

Incumbents of some 10,000 state positions in the Executive branch, the Legislature, the Judiciary, and the Department of Law and the Office of State Comptroller are expected to benefit by the implementation of the Governor’s plan. Approximately 9,000 of these positions are outside of New York City and 1,000 within New York City.

According to the Governor, this wage adjustment will be reflected in the State’s Budget Policy and Reporting Manual. When fully phased in on
July 1, 2021, the Governor’s estimated cost of this $15 minimum wage for state employees will be about $20.6 million, including the anticipated additional costs for fringe benefits.

The plan calls for period increase in the hourly wage of employee affected as follows:

New York City
Statewide (excluding NYC)
Min. Wage
Effective Date
Min. Wage
Effective Date
$10.50
12/31/2015
$9.75
12/31/2015
$12.00
12/31/2016
$10.75
12/31/2016
$13.50
12/31/2017
$11.75
12/31/2017
$15.00
12/31/2018
$12.75
12/31/2018


$13.75
12/31/2019


$14.50
12/31/2020


$15.00
7/1/2021
 
Incumbents of some 10,000 state positions in the Executive branch, the Legislature, the Judiciary, and the Department of Law and the Office of State Comptroller are expected to benefit by the implementation of the Governor’s plan. Approximately 9,000 of these positions are outside of New York City and 1,000 within New York City

According to the Governor, this wage adjustment will be reflected in the State’s Budget Policy and Reporting Manual. When fully phased in on July 1, 2021, the Governor’s estimated cost of this $15 minimum wage for state employees will be about $20.6 million, including the anticipated additional costs for fringe benefits.
 

November 15, 2015

Selected Reports issued by the Office of the State Comptroller during the week ending November 13, 2015



Selected Reports issued by the Office of the State Comptroller during the week ending November 13, 2015
Click on text highlighted in color to access the full report

School DistrictAudits

Chatham CSD – Financial Condition
The district realized operating surpluses because the board overestimated expenditures when developing budgets. The district has not established a formal plan stating how much will be set aside in each reserve, how each reserve will be funded or when reserve funds are to be used.

Cherry Valley-Springfield CSD – School Lunch Operations
The district is serving nutritious meals to its students. However, the meals cost more to prepare than the revenue generated by the meal sales.

Edmeston CSD – School Lunch Operations
The district serves nutritious meals to its students and cafeteria staff produce the meals in a productive manner. However, meals cost more to prepare than the revenue generated by the meal sales.

Kenmore-Town of Tanawanda UFSD - Financial Management
The district consistently appropriated fund balance that was not needed to finance operations. In addition, the district overfunded three reserves by approximately $5.6 million, incorrectly recognized $1.2 million in liabilities and accumulated $905,606 in the debt reserve as of June 30, 2014.

Penfied CSD – Financial Management
The district adopted budgets with overestimated expenditures and appropriated fund balance to finance operations that was not actually used. As of June 30, 2015, two reserves with balances totaling approximately $8 million are overfunded and potentially unnecessary. The school lunch fund’s total fund balance exceeds the federally regulated limit by more than $45,000.


Municipal Audits

Town of Deerpark – Budget Review
The significant revenue and expenditure projections in the preliminary budget are reasonable. However, the continued reliance on appropriated fund balance to fund town operations will eventually deplete fund balance and adversely affect the town’s financial condition. The town’s 2016 proposed budget complies with the property tax cap levy limit.

Town of East Hampton – Budget Review
The significant revenue and expenditure projections in the tentative budget are reasonable. The town’s 2016 tentative budget complies with the property tax cap levy limit.

Village of East Hampton – Information Technology
The board has not adopted written computer-related policies to address user access, remote access, password security and management, or data backups. Additionally, village officials improperly assigned administrative privileges, created generic user accounts and provided excessive access rights to the village’s financial and real property tax software.

Halfmoon Hillcrest Volunteer Fire Company – Financial Operations
The former treasurer did not maintain appropriate, accurate, complete or timely financial records and reports. The board did not perform an audit of the treasurer’s records for the 2011, 2012 and 2013 fiscal years until April 2014.

Jamison Road Volunteer Fire Company, Inc. –Internal Controls Over Financial Operations
The board generally did not provide adequate oversight of company financial activities to ensure that resources are safeguarded. The treasurer did not obtain board and membership approval for all bills before paying them and did not retain adequate supporting documentation to demonstrate that all purchases were for a valid company purpose.

City of Lockport – Budget Review
The city has three different contracts with employee unions which have expired and has not included the potential financial impact of contract settlements in the proposed budget. The water rent revenue estimate could be overstated by approximately $400,000. The common council has indicated it will adopt a local law to override the tax levy limit in 2016.

Rockland County – Budget Review
The significant revenue and expenditure projections in the proposed budget are reasonable. However, the county will need to closely monitor revenue associated with the sale of real property and chargebacks to other local governments. If this revenue is not realized, officials will either have to find another revenue sources or reduce appropriations accordingly. The county’s proposed budget exceeds the tax levy limit. The Legislature must pass a local law overriding the tax levy limit before adopting the proposed budget.

City of Troy – Budget Review
The proposed budget, while generally reasonable, needs improvement to make it a better tool for prudently managing the city’s resources. For example, the city’s proposed budget includes estimated revenues related to the sale of real property, franchise fees, sales tax and advanced life support charges which may not be realized. The city’s proposed real property tax levy is not in compliance with its tax levy limit and officials have not adopted a local law to override the limit.

Village of Victor – Financial Management
The board needs to improve its oversight and management of the village’s budgeting and financial operations. The board has not adopted policies and procedures governing the budget process or a fund balance policy establishing the level of fund balance to maintain.

November 13, 2015

Unions representing public employees are not state actors absent evidence of meaningful State participation in the activity underlying the complaint


Unions representing public employees are not state actors absent evidence of meaningful State participation in the activity underlying the complaint
Callaghan v United Fedn. of Teachers, 2015 NY Slip Op 08049, Appellate Division, First Department

Supreme Court granted the United Federation of Teachers’ [UFT] motion to dismiss James V. Callaghan’s lawsuit alleging [1] violation of his “state constitutional right to free speech and [2] defamation. Callaghan appealed but the Appellate Division sustained the lower court’s action.

Addressing Callaghan’s complaint alleging a violation of his free speech rights, the Appellate Division, citing Ciambriello v County of Nassau, 292 F3d 307, explained that his claim fails as a matter of law as the UFT is a private entity and New York courts have consistently held that unions, even those representing public employees, such as the UFT, are not state actors.

Further, said the court, Callaghan’s conclusory allegation that the UFT acted in concert with a “state actor” is not sufficient to state a claim against the UFT. The court cited SHAD Alliance v Smith Haven Mall, 66 NY2d 496, in which the Court of Appeal held that in order for a plaintiff to maintain such an action the plaintiff would have to allege facts that would show that the State [1] "is so entwined with the regulation of the private conduct as to constitute State activity"; [2] that "there is meaningful State participation in the activity"; or [3] that "there has been a delegation of what has traditionally been a State function to a private person."

As to Callaghan’s compliant alleging “defamation, “the Appellate Division ruled that the Supreme Court properly dismissed Callaghan’s cause of action for defamation explaining that “even to the extent that some of the statements about [Callaghan’s] disciplinary and professional history are assertions of fact, the statements were made by UFT officials in their official capacities, and they cannot be held liable for acts committed in their capacity as union representatives.

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

November 12, 2015

Jason Helgerson, New York State’s Medicaid Director, is one of nine outstanding public sector leaders named by Governing Magazine


Jason Helgerson, New York State’s Medicaid Director, is one of nine outstanding public sector leaders named by Governing Magazine
Mattie Quinn, writing for Governing, reports that "In the state that once spent the most on health care, Jason Helgerson found ways to cut New York's costs. Now he's leading one of the nation’s biggest Medicaid reforms."

Click on http://www.governing.com/poy/jason-helgerson.htmlto read Ms. Quinn’s article.

A public officer may be removed from his or her office pursuant to Public Officers Law §36


A public officer of a town, village, improvement district or fire district   officer by court may be removed from his or her office pursuant to Public Officers Law §36
Becallo v Zambrano, 2015 NY Slip Op 07091, Appellate Division, Fourth Department

Public Officers Law §36 was enacted to enable a town, a village, an improvement district or a fire district to remove a public officer found to be an unfaithful or dishonest public official. Paul Becallo filed a petition with the Appellate Division pursuant to §36 alleging that a town supervisor was either unfaithful or dishonest in the performance of her duties as the Town Supervisor in an effort to have the Appellate Division remove that individual from her public office.

The Town Supervisor admitted many of the factual allegations set out in Becallo’s petition, including his claim that [1] she had a romantic relationship with an employee of the engineering firm [employee] that was hired by the Town and [2] that she signed the contract with the engineering firm and approved invoices for work completed by the employee and [3] that she had used campaign funds to pay for a bulk mailing of a Town newsletter to senior citizens.

She denied, however, that her acts created a conflict of interest or constituted wrongdoing and submitted documentary evidence refuting another of Becallo’s allegation -- that she had altered the date on a shared services agreement with another Town.

The Supervisor romantic relationship with the employee began in the fall of 2011 while she was serving as a Town councilperson and at that time she had asked the Town Attorney whether there was a conflict of interest as a result of that relationship. The Town Attorney advised her in a written opinion that there was no conflict of interest and reiterated that opinion at a Town Board meeting in April 2014, when she was the serving as the Town Supervisor.

The Appellate Division also noted General Municipal Law §801 provides that "no municipal officer . . . shall have an interest in any contract with the municipality of which [she] is an officer . . . when such officer . . . has the power or duty to . . . approve the contract . . . or approve payment thereunder" but concluded that “[t]hose provisions do not apply here.”

Turning to Becallo’s allegations concerning “the financial arrangement between [the supervisor] and the employee regarding her purchase of a one-half interest in his residence,” the Appellate Division concluded that it cannot "reasonably be inferred that the [financial arrangement] was intended to influence [the supervisor], or could reasonably be expected to influence [her], in the performance of [her] official duties or was intended as a reward for any official action on [her] part." The Appellate Division held that Becallo failed to establish a conflict of interest with respect to the supervisor’s personal relationship with the employee.

As to Becallo’s allegation concerning the supervisor’s use campaign funds, the Appellate Division concluded that even assuming, arguendo, the use of those funds to pay for a bulk mailing of a Town newsletter to senior citizens was improper, such an impropriety does "not remotely rise to the level required for removal pursuant to Public Officers Law §36."

Finding that Becallo’s "petition does not set forth a single act of unscrupulous conduct or intentional wrongdoing, let alone evidence of any gross dereliction of duties or a pattern of misconduct," the Appellate Division dismissed his petition.

The decision is posted on the Internet at:

November 11, 2015

New York State Comproller DiNapoli spotlights New York’s Veterans


New York State Comproller DiNapoli spotlights New York’s Veterans
Source: Office of the State Comptroller

Nearly three-quarters of the approximately 890,000 veterans living in New York served during wartime, including 31 percent in the Vietnam War-era, according to State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli.

The Comptroller said that “New York is home to nearly 900,000 men and women who have served bravely to safeguard our freedom. Across the country and in our state, we’ll be forever indebted to our veterans for their service and their sacrifices. We need to offer essential programs for the men and women who serve in our military to show our appreciation for their service and support their return to civilian life.”

DiNapoli’s report highlighted the programs and services offered to New York’s veterans by the state’s Division of Veterans’ Affairs and other agencies. The 2014-15 state budget allocated more than $21 million for veteran’s programs and services including counseling and benefit assistance services, tuition awards, peer-to-peer support services and nursing homes.

To access the Comptroller’s report please click on http://www.osc.state.ny.us/reports/other/veterans_11_2015.pdf

With both federal and state programs providing important services, DiNapoli urged policy makers at all levels to continuously examine whether existing initiatives appropriately meet the needs of New York's veterans.

DiNapoli also noted that the New York State Common Retirement Fund has a program to provide loans to veterans. The state pension fund partnered with the New York Business Development Corporation (NYBDC) Partnership to create a $5 million commitment for fixed-rate small business loans for returning military veterans who are also business owners. Veterans who serve in the Guard or Reserve, or have been honorably discharged from active duty may apply, through the NYBDC, for small business loans up to $150,000 to start or expand a business.

To learn about the New York State Common Retirement Fund’s loan program for veterans please click on http://www.nybdc.com/how-can-we-help/Loans_for_Veterans_69_7_sb.htm

November 10, 2015

Overtime paid to a police officer for “special-duty” for service performed for a private entity not included in determining the “final average salary” for retirement purposes


Overtime paid to a police officer for “special-duty” for service performed for a private entity not included in determining the “final average salary” for retirement purposes
Tamucci v DiNapoli, 2015 NY Slip Op 08027, Appellate Division, Third Department

Between 1989 and 2009, Town and Village of Harrison Police Department [HPD] police sergeant Mark Tamucci was a member of New York State Police and Fire Retirement System [PFRS].

During his last three years of employment, Tamucci received special-duty overtime wages for services performed on special details.* After his retirement, the New York State and Local Retirement System sent Tamucci a letter indicating this his final average salary was based on calculations that did not include salary payments he received for his “special-duty overtime” work.

Tamucci asked PFRS to recalculate of his final average salary to include such overtime wages. A hearing was held and the Hearing Officer concluded that the wages that Tamucci earned for services performed on those special details were properly excluded from the calculation of his final average salary. The Comptroller adopted the decision of the Hearing Officer and denied Tamucci 's application for a recalculation of his final average salary.

Tamucci commenced a CPLR Article 78 proceeding in Supreme Court. Supreme Court, finding that Tamucci’s petition raised an issue of substantial evidence, transferred the proceeding to the Appellate Division.

The Appellate Division observed that the Comptroller is vested with the “exclusive authority to determine all applications for retirement benefits and the determination must be upheld if [the] interpretation of the controlling retirement statute is reasonable and the underlying factual findings are supported by substantial evidence.”**

The relevant elements set out in the Retirement and Social Security Law with respect to determining an individual’s "final average salary" for retirement purposes in this instance are:

1. The average annual compensation of the member for credited government service not exceeding his [or her] three years of credited government service immediately preceding his [or her] date of retirement (See Retirement and Social Security Law §302 [9] [a]).

2. Government service includes, among other things, paid "[s]ervice as an officer or employee of an employer (See Retirement and Social Security Law §302 [12])

The term "Employer" is defined as "[t]he state, a participating employer,*** and any other unit of government or organization obligated or agreeing . . . to make contributions to the retirement system on behalf of its police [officers] and fire [fighters]" (Retirement and Social Security Law §302 [8]).

The Appellate Division said that the Comptroller's finding that Tamucci's services during special details were provided to the relevant private entities, rather than to or for the police department, was supported by substantial evidence. Noting that uncontested evidence in the record established that the private entities HPD order to receive services performed by Tamucci and other officers in the form of special details, the court explained that “A reasonable person could infer that the police department required these private entities to pay for the services because it had determined that such services were not within the scope of its responsibilities to the public.”

The Appellate Division, citing Cannavo v Regan, 122 AD2d 523, said it had previously indicated that the voluntariness of such services is relevant to the inquiry and that  Tamucci “unambiguously testified that he had volunteered for all of the special details on which he had performed services.” In addition, the court noted that there was nothing in the records to indicate that HPD had ever ordered or otherwise compelled Tamucci or any of his fellow officers to perform services on special details.

Considering the evidence that the private entities had contracted with HPD to have these “special detail” services provided to them and the lack of any evidence these “special detail services” were, in fact, required to be performed by HPD, the court concluded that substantial evidence supported the Comptroller's determination that the services that Tamucci performed on special details were not provided to his employer, HPD.


NOTA BENE: An off-duty police officer injured while he or she was off-duty and working for a private employer may not be eligible for General Municipal Law §207-c benefits or Retirement and Social Security Law accidental disability or service disability retirement nor eligible for "defense and indemnification" by his or her public employer pursuant to §18 of the Public Officers Law should he or she be sued concerning an event that occurred in the course of his or her working for a private employer. The Disability Leave for fire, police and other public sector personnelhandbook addresses these and similar situations. For more information click on http://booklocker.com/3916.html

* These “special details” result from private entities contracting with the police department for its officers to provide various services that would not otherwise be provided to such entities.

** Substantial evidence is "such relevant proof as a reasonable mind may accept as adequate to support a conclusion or ultimate fact."

*** The term "participating employer" includes "any municipality participating in the [police and fire] retirement system" (see Retirement and Social Security Law §302 [20]).

The decision is posted on the Internet at:
http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2015/2015_08027.htm 

See, also, Pitzel v DiNapoli, 2015 NY Slip Op 08015, Appellate Division, Third Department,  posted on the Internet at:

November 09, 2015

A court’s review of a determination by the Commissioner of Human Rights is limited to the issue whether substantial evidence supports the determination



A court’s review of a determination by the Commissioner of Human Rights is limited to the issue whether substantial evidence supports the determination
Monti v New York State Div. of Human Rights, Serv. Empls. Intl. Union, AFL-CIO, Local 200 United, 2015 NY Slip Op 07092, Appellate Division, Fourth Department
Zajac v New York State Div. of Human Rights & Serv. Empls. Intl. Union, Local 200 United, 2015 NY Slip Op 07097, Appellate Division, Fourth Department

The Commissioner of the New York State Division of Human Rights, adopting the findings and recommendation of the Administrative Law Judge [ALJ] who conducted the administrative hearing concerning their respective complaints, dismissed the complaint filed by Carl A. Monti and the complain filed Corrine Zajac alleging Local 200 had subjected them to unlawful discrimination in violation of the State’s Human Rights Law.

In both actions the Appellate Division unanimously confirmed the decisions of the Commissioner of Human Rights and dismissed their respective petitions.

The Appellate Division explained that its review of a determination by the Commissioner of Human Rights is limited to the issue of whether substantial evidence supports the Commissioner's determination. Further, said the court, an ALJ’s assessment of credibility of the testimony given by the witnesses testifying at the hearing is "unassailable," and the determination must be confirmed if the testimony credited by the ALJ is supported by substantial evidence.

With respect to Monti’s complaint the court said that it concluded that substantial evidence supported the ALJ's determination that Monti failed to establish a prima facie case of unlawful retaliation and that Monti’s termination was based upon legitimate, nondiscriminatory reasons.

Addressing Corinne Zajac’s appeal, the Appellate found that Zajac had not met her burden of establishing that Local 200 had engaged in unlawful discrimination when it terminated her employment. Zajac had alleged that she had been terminated by Local 200  in “retaliation for filing an age discrimination complaint.” Nor, said the court, did Zajac submit any complaint, much less evidence, that Local 200 had further retaliated against her by denying her severance benefits.

The Monti decision is posted on the Internet at:

The Zajac decision is posted on the Internet at:
http://www.nycourts.gov/reporter/3dseries/2015/2015_07097.htm
Motion to appeal: Motion, insofar as it seeks leave to appeal as against respondent Service Employees International Union, Local 200 United, dismissed as untimely (see CPLR 5513[b]); motion, insofar as it seeks leave to appeal as against respondent New York State Division of Human Rights, denied.

November 07, 2015

Selected Reports issued by the Office of the State Comptroller during the week ending November 7, 2015


Selected Reports issued by the Office of the State Comptroller during the week ending November 7, 2015
Click on text highlighted in color to access the full report 

Guilty plea of the theft of $78,000 of NYSERS pension benefits
New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli and Attorney General Eric T. Schneiderman announced the guilty plea of Terence Fitzpatrick, 53, of Monmouth County, New Jersey, to the crime of Attempted Grand Larceny in the Second Degree, a class D felony, in Albany County Court. Fitzpatrick faces a maximum penalty of 2 and 1/3 to 7 years in prison.
http://www.osc.state.ny.us/press/releases/nov15/110515a.htm?utm_source=weeklynews20151108&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=110515arelease 

New York State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli”s office completed the following audits of political subdivisions of the State:

Village of Clayville – Board Oversight
The clerk-treasurer did not provide the board with comprehensive financial reports so that it could properly oversee the village’s financial activities. In addition, the board did not ensure that the clerk-treasurer filed the village’s annual financial reports in a timely manner.

Cortland Housing Authority – Financial Condition
Housing authority officials have worked effectively to maintain a strong financial position by controlling expenditures.

Essex Fire District #2 – Cash Disbursements
The board does not provide adequate oversight of the district’s cash disbursements. The treasurer did not prepare monthly bank reconciliations or reports, or prepare and file the district’s annual reports with the Office of State Comptroller for the past two years.

Lockport Public Library – Claims Processing
The board did not routinely audit and approve claims prior to payment. Instead, claims were audited and approved for payment by the director, who also signed the disbursement checks to pay the claims.

Port WashingtonFire Department – Budgeting
The board’s adopted budgets have not accurately portrayed expected department operating costs to the companies and the public. Furthermore, by relying on net assets to fund budget shortfalls, the department is not adopting structurally balanced budgets and is instead funding recurring expenditures with one-shot uses of accumulated net assets.

Roosevelt Fire District – Fire Station Project
Auditors reviewed the process used to construct a new fire station as well as construction-related expenditures and found that the expenditures were within the board-approved amount. However, the board did not enter into written agreements with four contractors that provided services during the project.

Town of
Sidney – Budget Review
The significant revenue and expenditure projections in the preliminary budget are reasonable. The town took appropriate action to implement or resolve recommendations contained in the 2014 budget review report issued in November 2014. The town’s proposed budget complies with the property tax levy limit.

Stony Creek Volunteer Fire Company – Cash Disbursements
The board did not establish effective internal controls to address a lack of segregation in the treasurer’s cash disbursement duties. The board did not establish policies or implement any procedures governing debit card use or review or approve any card-related transactions.

Western Sullivan Public Library – Library Operations
The library’s fixed costs for operating its three buildings are high, and officials did not perform any comparative cost analysis of operations or segregate cost information by building.

CAUTION

Subsequent court and administrative rulings, or changes to laws, rules and regulations may have modified or clarified or vacated or reversed the decisions summarized here. Accordingly, these summaries should be Shepardized® or otherwise checked to make certain that the most recent information is being considered by the reader.
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